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The protocols and tools used for dietary tracking activities may be different from those of dietary assessment because of the altered goals, and are discussed in a separate Sports Science Exchange article. Receiving positive feedback about improvements in dietary practices and identifying the factors that support it can be valuable strategies in consolidating new habits. An athlete is likely to improve their food choices and portion control when they are accounting for their actions in real-time or directly associating their behaviour with an outcome. A key tool in assisting an athlete to alter his or her dietary practices is to increase their self-awareness of their behaviour and the factors that underpin it. The second scenario, often known as diet tracking or self-monitoring, takes advantage of a limitation of many dietary assessment methods – that an individual will change his or her food intake during the process of monitoring it. There have been four main methods used over the past 50 yrs to assess the dietary practices of athletes (Table 2). This scenario occurs in sports nutrition in a variety of situations of both research and athlete servicing, each with its own challenges and specific goals (Table 1) Generally, dietary assessment methods are divided into strategies that are retrospective (what the athlete ate in the past) and those that are prospective (what happens over a period in the future). The chief goal of this activity, typically termed a dietary assessment, is to investigate what is happening without influencing the process. In the first, the interest is in measuring what an athlete actually eats during a period in which they make their own choices. Two basic scenarios explain why athletes might want to collect information about their food intake. REASONS FOR COLLECTING DIETARY INFORMATION Further general information on dietary survey methodology is available from the excellent reviews of Bingham (1991) and Thompson and Subar (2008).
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It needs to be remembered that almost all interrogations of dietary survey methods have been undertaken on non-athletic populations therefore, some of the commentary is by necessity based on professional experience rather than sound research. This Sports Science Exchange article outlines the available options as well as an understanding of how the results of an assessment need to be viewed in light of the residual limitations. Nevertheless, there is also a need to take into account the errors involved in a dietary assessment when interpreting the data that is collected. Therefore, the outcome can be enhanced by matching the best approach to each specific situation. Developing expertise in this activity requires an appreciation that there are different reasons for undertaking an assessment, different approaches to completing it and different tools that can be employed. These errors challenge the accuracy of estimates of what the athlete actually ate, or usually eats, and may also prevent the detection of a real change if an assessment is repeated.
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However, dietary assessment remains a challenge in sports nutrition, with the potential for significant errors of validity and reliability. Investigating what an athlete eats is a daily activity for a sports dietitian, so it would be expected that the practice would make it an efficient and effective task. New technologies provide the potential for more rapid and efficient dietary assessment protocols, but like all methods, need to be validated for use with athletic populations. Retrospective methods (e.g., food frequency questionnaires and diet history) are limited by the athlete’s insights and memory, while prospective methods (e.g., food diaries) are limited by the tendency for the act of recording to alter usual intake.įood diaries are a frequently used dietary assessment in research and athlete support, but should be checked for the common bias of under-reporting. Different protocols are available for collecting data on the eating practices of athletes according to the goals and available resources of the activity.